Nerve System Function:
1) Spine – Jan 1, 1997 - U of Alberta, CA
Experimental chickens – stimulation of intertransverse lig of 1 seg level led to a FOS protein presence through bilateral areas up diff. segmental levels including major stimulation of sympathetic ganglia.
*Stimulation of mechanoreceptors activates multiple levels and affects autonomic function.*
2) JMPT Jan 2005 - ANS function among individuals with acute musculoskeletal injury
Aberrant neurological input from dysfunctional MS structures creates imbalance in the ANS leading to increased sympathetic tone
3) Nature Immunology- May 2004
Immune & NS maintain extensive communication – including hardwiring of autonomic nerves to lymphoid organs.
What affects the NS affects the IS.
4) Nature Reviews Immunology - April 2006 -(Sternberg)- over 140 references
“The autonomic NS controls immune function and maturation (pediatric) through neural and hormonal routes via the Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis (HPA)”
*Overstimulation of Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) = dec. immune function= greater susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections.
*Understimulation of SNS = lack of immune inhibition = Inc allergic and autoimmune disorders
5) Journal of Leukocyte Biology – June 2006
“Dysregulation of the line of communication between the NS and the IS contributes to disease development and progression.” (Subluxation)
6) Autonomic Neuroscience: Aug 2001 Hiriano & Budgell
“Specific manipulation of the upper cervical levels (C1-2) significantly reduces heart rate and heart rate variability compared to sham adjustments.”
Adjustments fire high threshold mechanoreceptors resulting in (-) the sympathetic NS and proper regulation of the autonomic NS
7) European Spine Journal: July 27th 2005 Dr. Panjabi (world’s leading biomechanic expert: The gold standard)
“Ligament Subfailure Injuries Lead to Muscle Control Dysfunction”
A single macrotrauma or repetitive microtrauma injures mechanoreceptors (MR) altering neurological input and consequently creating instable neuromuscular control and corrupted muscle response patterns that continuate (positive feedback cycle) this cycle leading to increased inflammation and increased sympathetic tone (and pain perception) which vasoconstricts blood vessels traveling to various organs, tissues, and cells and inhibits the innate immune response.
a) Injured MR (brings it closer to threshold)
b) Altered neurological input (inc. summation)
c) Corrupted muscle response (inc. tension and inc. SNS tone as well)
d) Inc. tissue damage
e) Inc. inflammation – inc. sympathetic tone – dec. immunity and cell, tissue, organ function.
8) Clinical Neurophysiology, Feb 2007: 118:2
“Spinal dysfunction alters the balance of afferent input to the CNS and this altered afferent input may lead to maladaptive neural plastic changes in the CNS…spinal manipulation of dysfunctional joints may modify transmission of neuronal circuitries not only at a spinal level but at a cortical level, and possibly also deeper brain structures such as the basal ganglia.”
9) Journal of Human Hypertension, March 2, 2007
“Minor misalignment of the atlas vertebra can potentially injure, impair, compress and/or compromise brainstem neural pathways.” Pt’s in study – had no neck pain – saw systolic BP drop 17mm, Diastolic 10mm sustainable over 8 weeks with 0 adverse affects. – Specific adjustments of atlas lower BP – Pilot Study
10) Journal of Neuroscience, Aug 2007, 27(31)
“There is a strong direct neck muscle afferent projection to the medulla oblongata where fibers terminate in the external cuneate nucleus (accessory cuneate nuc) and the intermediate nucleus of the medulla. The cervico-sympathetic reflex appears to originate from MS in the suboccipital muscle group... Chiropractic manipulations of the C1 vertebra alters the length of the suboccipitals affecting afferent input.”
MS afferents (suboccipitals) – Nucleus Intermedius of Medulla – Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (major autonomic integratory center)– Dorsal Motor Nuclues of Vagus – parasympathetic efferents to all viscera.
This study indicates that specific chiropractic adjustments of the atlas vertebrae have a powerful affect on all of the viscera.
1) Spine – Jan 1, 1997 - U of Alberta, CA
Experimental chickens – stimulation of intertransverse lig of 1 seg level led to a FOS protein presence through bilateral areas up diff. segmental levels including major stimulation of sympathetic ganglia.
*Stimulation of mechanoreceptors activates multiple levels and affects autonomic function.*
2) JMPT Jan 2005 - ANS function among individuals with acute musculoskeletal injury
Aberrant neurological input from dysfunctional MS structures creates imbalance in the ANS leading to increased sympathetic tone
3) Nature Immunology- May 2004
Immune & NS maintain extensive communication – including hardwiring of autonomic nerves to lymphoid organs.
What affects the NS affects the IS.
4) Nature Reviews Immunology - April 2006 -(Sternberg)- over 140 references
“The autonomic NS controls immune function and maturation (pediatric) through neural and hormonal routes via the Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis (HPA)”
*Overstimulation of Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) = dec. immune function= greater susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections.
*Understimulation of SNS = lack of immune inhibition = Inc allergic and autoimmune disorders
5) Journal of Leukocyte Biology – June 2006
“Dysregulation of the line of communication between the NS and the IS contributes to disease development and progression.” (Subluxation)
6) Autonomic Neuroscience: Aug 2001 Hiriano & Budgell
“Specific manipulation of the upper cervical levels (C1-2) significantly reduces heart rate and heart rate variability compared to sham adjustments.”
Adjustments fire high threshold mechanoreceptors resulting in (-) the sympathetic NS and proper regulation of the autonomic NS
7) European Spine Journal: July 27th 2005 Dr. Panjabi (world’s leading biomechanic expert: The gold standard)
“Ligament Subfailure Injuries Lead to Muscle Control Dysfunction”
A single macrotrauma or repetitive microtrauma injures mechanoreceptors (MR) altering neurological input and consequently creating instable neuromuscular control and corrupted muscle response patterns that continuate (positive feedback cycle) this cycle leading to increased inflammation and increased sympathetic tone (and pain perception) which vasoconstricts blood vessels traveling to various organs, tissues, and cells and inhibits the innate immune response.
a) Injured MR (brings it closer to threshold)
b) Altered neurological input (inc. summation)
c) Corrupted muscle response (inc. tension and inc. SNS tone as well)
d) Inc. tissue damage
e) Inc. inflammation – inc. sympathetic tone – dec. immunity and cell, tissue, organ function.
8) Clinical Neurophysiology, Feb 2007: 118:2
“Spinal dysfunction alters the balance of afferent input to the CNS and this altered afferent input may lead to maladaptive neural plastic changes in the CNS…spinal manipulation of dysfunctional joints may modify transmission of neuronal circuitries not only at a spinal level but at a cortical level, and possibly also deeper brain structures such as the basal ganglia.”
9) Journal of Human Hypertension, March 2, 2007
“Minor misalignment of the atlas vertebra can potentially injure, impair, compress and/or compromise brainstem neural pathways.” Pt’s in study – had no neck pain – saw systolic BP drop 17mm, Diastolic 10mm sustainable over 8 weeks with 0 adverse affects. – Specific adjustments of atlas lower BP – Pilot Study
10) Journal of Neuroscience, Aug 2007, 27(31)
“There is a strong direct neck muscle afferent projection to the medulla oblongata where fibers terminate in the external cuneate nucleus (accessory cuneate nuc) and the intermediate nucleus of the medulla. The cervico-sympathetic reflex appears to originate from MS in the suboccipital muscle group... Chiropractic manipulations of the C1 vertebra alters the length of the suboccipitals affecting afferent input.”
MS afferents (suboccipitals) – Nucleus Intermedius of Medulla – Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (major autonomic integratory center)– Dorsal Motor Nuclues of Vagus – parasympathetic efferents to all viscera.
This study indicates that specific chiropractic adjustments of the atlas vertebrae have a powerful affect on all of the viscera.